Shaping REDD+: Interactions between Bilateral and Multilateral Rulemaking

Abstract This article studies bilateral partnerships on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), particularly those led by Norway, through the conceptual lens of legal diffusion. The argues that rules created such have significantly influenced rulemaking under United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change. It shows bilaterally developed spread to other countries beyond original partners, in respect topics as financial institutional structures a results-based approach REDD+. Reciprocal influence between multilateral developments can further be seen relation topics, monitoring, reporting verification. concepts related REDD+ travelled different directions, showcasing interactions arenas construction international norms, well law for environmental protection development cooperation.